Hcv And Unawareness Health And Social Care Essay

1-Identification and definition of a clinical job / contention in my country of involvement /expertise. Problem: Even though HCV is a deathly virus, its hazard factors are many, and its prevalence is high, many people either cognize nil about it or disregard its importance. Unknowingness is particularly a job among immature grownups due to a deficiency of instruction in schools, and to a figure of socio-demographic and socio-economic factors. designation of the population of involvement for the reappraisal of the literature. HCV is a disease that targets everyone ( all ages / males and females ) , and in the literature, surveies focused on prevalence of HCV among people of all ages. However few surveies concentrated on the relation of HCV prevalence with certain occupational exposures such as tattoo, organic structure piercing, socioeconomically background aˆÂ ¦ In add-on to that few surveies concentrated on childs and the prevalence of hepatitis C in their age group. So if a survey is to be done on the relation between consciousness and HCV, an age group from 18 to 21 is the best to analyze because they are the most who get involved in hazardous behaviours such as drugs and they are the major age group who get tattoos and body piercings.Majority of patients that were HCV positive were below age of 50 ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) Population of involvement: Lebanese immature grownups with tattoos and/or piercings in Lebanon, with and without HCV aged 18-21. Dependent variable: HCV infection Independent variable: Awareness Brief debut of the job or contention ( why I selected, its significance and clinical deductions. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) worldwide is estimated to be 3 % ; this translates to about 170 million people infected with the virus globally ( CDC, 2009 ) . The prevalence varies from state to state, In the Middle East ( Lebanon included ) , the prevalence is reported to be 1-5 % ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) . The prevalence even varies between different populations-with the prevalence of HCV in blood giver populations being every bit low as 0.6 % and every bit high as 80 % in endovenous drug users ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) . HCV causes redness of the liver which has damaging effects on wellness, taking to liver harm or liver failure-in many instances, it may ensue in decease ( CDC, 2009 ) . HCV can besides take to liver cirrhosis or liver malignant neoplastic disease ( CDC, 2009 ) . Hepatitis C can do either an acute infection, or in 75-85 % of the instances, chronic infection ( CDC, 2009 ) . In many cases, chronic hepatitis C tend s to travel unnoticed-early symptoms are normally flu-like such as febrility, weariness, sickness, purging and icterus, and be given to be in most cases over-looked by an septic individual ( CDC, 2009 ) . When symptoms do develop, the individual is already at an advanced phase of the disease, following harm to the liver caused by the virus. Infection is normally detected coincidentally by mensurating liver map and liver enzymes through everyday blood trials ; as a consequence, HCV is known as the â€Å" silent-killer † ( CDC, 2009 ) . HCV is blood-borne and can be transmitted through direct contact with septic blood such as through needle sharing ( as in the instance of drug maltreatment ) , sharing panpipes ( for illustration in blood transfusion centres ) , assholes from a needle-stick in infirmaries, and sharing bathroom gears such as razors or toothbrushes ( CDC, 2008 ) . In add-on, in scenes where there is hapless infection control-Hepatitis C can be transmitted via tattooing and piercing acerate leafs ( CDC, 2008 ) . This bring up the thought that these exposures are preventable, so it is a good survey to be done to research the original causes ( unawareness, neglect, peer pressureaˆÂ ¦ ) in order to undertake the job by the proper agencies ( instruction, rigorous regulations and ordinances, better testing techniquesaˆÂ ¦ ) This type of survey is of great significance because of: High figure of Hepatitis C instances in in-between E ( Lebanon included ) =4.6 % Catching diseases are taboo in Lebanon, and notably HCV Adolescents tend to acquire tattooed and/or pierced in secret because their parents do n't accept the thought Adolescents may non be cognizant of the safety demands associated with handling acerate leafs Peoples affected by HCV tend to maintain it a secret and this increases the opportunities of disease transmittal No anterior surveies in Lebanon have attempted to analyze the impact of raising consciousness to hygienic patterns and infection control Summary of 6 articles ( Questions 4,5,6 ) Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness Centres of Lyon country, France ( F. Sahajian, 2006 ) In a cross-sectional survey conducted by F. Sahajian et Al. in Lyon, France, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among 944 underprivileged persons patronizing 8 different wellness centres was found to be about 4.7 % ( 95 % CI: 3.4-6.2 ) . Participants were given both a written questionnaire, which remained anon. , and depending on their wellness position, or whether there was a linguistic communication barrier or non, were screened for anti-HCV antibodies. Hazard factors found to be independently associated with HCV infection utilizing a multivariate logistic arrested development theoretical account were IVDU [ OR=15.99, 95 % CI= 3.73-68.63, P & lt ; 0.0001 ] , holding received healthcare abroad [ OR= 4.46, 95 % CI= 1.90-10.43, P=0.001 ] and have oning tattoos [ OR=2.75, 95 % CI= 1.01-7.51, P= 0.048 ] . Characteristics found to be independently associated with HCV infection included: age between 40-49, being holders of AME, or holding no societal security. Patients who were found t o be HCV seropositive were given follow-up intervention with the counsel of their physician and the Lyon Reference Center of HCV Infection. Mention: F. Sahajian, P. V. et Al. ( 2006 ) . Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness Centres of Lyon country, France. European Journal of Public Health, 17 ( 3 ) , 263-271. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oxfordjournals.org Cardinal words: HCV, hazard factors ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — —Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. ( M-D.Shi,2007 ) Consequences of another cross-sectional survey conducted among 1,897 Chinese male conscriptees showed that 2.5 % were infected with HCV ( Shi et al, 2007 ) . Furthermore, conscriptees infected with HCV had 5 times higher odds of exposure to tattooing than others, with an OR= 5.00 ; 95 % CI: 1.83-13.67 ; P & lt ; 0.01 ( Shi et al, 2007 ) Mention: Shi MD, Lee SY, Lee YB. ( 2007 ) Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. Military Medicine, 172 ( 5 ) , 539-540. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com Cardinal words: HCV, tattoos ( EBSCO Host ) Hazard factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons. ( E.Roy,2001 ) Roy et Al ( 2001 ) found, in a survey conducted among street young persons in Montreal, that among those young persons infected with HCV, 56.5 % had at least one tattoo ( rough OR=4.1, 95 % CI: 2.3-7.4 ) . After multivariate logistic arrested development, it was found that when participants had more than one tattoo, there was a fringy association with HCV infection, adjusted OR=1.8, 95 % CI: 0.95-3.6 ( Roy et al, 2001 ) ; even though 1 is included in the assurance interval, a fringy association was established due to the little sample size. Mention: Roy E. , Haley N. , Leclerc P. , Boivin J. , Cedras L. , Vincelette J. ( 2001 ) . Hazard factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons. Canadian Medical Association, 165 ( 5 ) , 557-560. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/165/5/557.pdf Cardinal words: HCV, adolescents ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — —Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. ( M.Raymond,2001 ) In a survey conducted by Monica Raymond et Al ( 2001 ) among 61 professional tattooists in Minneapolis, it was found that the bulk of participants agreed that blood borne pathogens are a hazard to clients if no attending is paid. Of the tattooists, 95 % strongly believed that a tattooist could catch disease from a client, and 87 % strongly agreed that they could distribute blood-borne pathogens from client to client if they were non hygienic ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . The conformity to infection control patterns was besides evaluated and it was found that older tattooists ( with & gt ; 10 old ages of experience ) had the lowest mark of ascertained infection control ( 65.3 % ; 95 % CI 58.9-71.8 ) compared to tattooists with experience & lt ; 10 old ages ( 74.6 % 95 % CI 68.5-80.7 ) ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . The survey besides showed that stores with a high figure of go toing professionals tended to hold better cognition in footings of infection control due to sharing of experience and cognition ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . Raymond et Al ( 2001 ) eventually concluded that though there was high consciousness about hazards involved with blood-borne diseases, their control, and the demand for safeguards among tattooists, this was non wholly applied in pattern. Mention: Raymond M. , Pirie P. , Halcon L. ( 2001 ) . Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. Association of Schools of Public Health, 116 ( 3 ) , 249-256. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/116_3/116249.pdf Cardinal words: tattoos, HCV, consciousness ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — –Epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infection ( M. Jamal,2006 ) In an epidemiological article reappraisal Jamal M. et Al. identified the differences in HCV prevalence between different states and countries in the universe, values ranged from as 1.7 % in America to every bit high as 4.7 % in in-between E and 5.3 % in Africa.The reappraisal besides showed the difference in HCV prevalence between different groups with different hazard factors being every bit high as 90 % in endovenous drug users, the reappraisal besides identified the prevalence among blood givers, those who get haemodialysis and those who got the disease from sexual activity. The reappraisal eventually identified some bar techniques to undertake the issue and cut down the prevalence. Mazen J. ( 2006 ) . Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV ) Infection. International Journal of Medical Sciences,3 ( 2 ) , 41-46. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol ; //www.medsci.org Cardinal words: HCV, in-between E ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — –Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications ( Lester B. Mayers, 2002 ) With the aims of finding the prevalence of organic structure art ( both tattoos and organic structure piercings ) among undergraduate university pupils and to find the incidence of medical complications associated with these patterns, Lester B. Mayers et al surveyed 454 pupils at Pace University in Pleasantville, NY. The cross-sectional study was voluntary, anon. , and included inquiries about organic structure piercings and tattoos ( both current and removed ) and their location on the organic structure, age and sex, undergraduate category, physical features ( weight, tallness, BMI ) , athletic position, every bit good as whether or non they faced any medical complications following organic structure art. Prevalence of organic structure piercings was found to be 51 % , while that of tattoos was found to be 23 % . I†¡2 analysis was used to find both differences and relationships between tattoos/piercings, and surveyed features, such as age and sex, undergraduate category, athletic position, tallness, weight, BMI ; it was besides used to find relationships between medical complications and sex. Valuess greater than 1.96 or less than -1.96 were considered statistically important ; significance for all other statistics was set at P & lt ; 0.05. I†¡2 analysis showed that piercings were higher among females than males ( P=0.002 ) and that there was no statistically important difference between tattooing and sex. Other relationships that were found included: male jocks were more likely to hold tattoos than non-athletes ( P=.02 ) . Prevalence of medical complications associated with organic structure piercings was found to be 9.2 % . The chief medical complications that were associated with organic structure piercings were local injury, that is, local hurt or lacrimation of the site ( 1.5 % ) , shed blooding ( 2.4 % ) , and/or bacterial infections ( 4.6 % ) ; no viral infections were reported. Oral complications were reported in 6 % of lingua perforated pupils. Prevalence of complications differed between locations of piercings. No medical complications were associated with tattooing, and, as the writers province, this could be due to a figure of grounds: inquiries about hurt associated with tattooing in the study were non really clear ; and holding assumed that the pupils were likely to hold gotten their tattoo in the old 3-5 old ages, this window period was non a long adequate clip to observe infection with HBV, HCV, or HIV. Mention: Lester B. Mayers et Al. ( 2002 ) . Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in university undergraduates and incidence of medical complications. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 77 ( 1 ) , 29-34. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinicproceedings.com. Cardinal word: tattoos, pupils ( EBSCO Host )— — — — — — — — — —Restrictions To place the spread, it is of import to expose the restrictions of each survey, In the first survey ( Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications ) , the writer delt with the issue in one university puting which may take to non generalizability of the survey. In add-on to that, he measured the medical result utilizing a questionare which would n't give the right prevalence of such diseases since it is largely soundless ( no serological trials were run to find prevalence of viral infections, and the deficiency of describing viral infections could be due to pupils non cognizing that they are infected instead so them non being infected at all. ) Both ( Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness centres of Lyon country, France ) and ( Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. ) where not generalizable to the whole population since in the first, the topics are people from certain centres ( underprivileged ) . While in the 2nd survey topics were selected from a military background-subjects were of a specific age group, had a high degree of unsusceptibility, and had a better wellness profile than the remainder of the population. Besides Risk factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons ( Roy et al,2001 ) had little sample size. The survey conducted by Raymond et Al, 2001 ( Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. ) which tackled the issue of consciousness but non among people who get tattoos but among tattooist and stores had describing prejudice ( Questionnaire ) , and so their pattern was monitored which could hold lead to alter in behavior under monitoring. The GapThe Gap:Most of the old surveies dealt with the prevalence of HCV and its relation with Tattoos and piercing ( causes ) and other societal and fiscal factors, they besides studied medically its results, medical diagnosing and remedies, but they did n't undertake the issue of consciousness among people who are at hazard of HCV to analyze the existent cause behind high degree of this infective diseases. Therefore, no anterior surveies in Lebanon have attempted to analyze the impact of raising consciousness to hygienic patterns and infection control that should be in usage during tattooing or organic structure piercing and the hazard of undertaking Hepatitis C even though there are increasing marks that Lebanese adolescents are indulging in hazardous behaviours.

Organizational Structure Essay

The reporting structure is a very important tool in an organization. This structure is a chart that serves as a roadmap of management levels and positions. Every business has a chain of command and it is structured uniquely, depending on the organization. The structure of an organization, if not built correctly can destroy the organization just like a building with poor architecture. The blueprints clarify and build a strong foundation in which to grow or build an organization. Chipotle is a Mexican Grill Restaurant in the fast food industry that started out with one location in Colorado back in 1993. Today it has just more than 1,400 locations in the United States, Canada, England, and France. The structure of this organization has had to change and adapt to the growth of the business over time. Like a majority of businesses and organizations the vertical organizational structure is similar with multiple levels of hierarchy. At Chipotle, the top of the pyramid is fulfilled by the board of directors whom have the ultimate responsibility of making decisions for the entire company (Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. 2010). At the bottom of the pyramid there are the store managers, assistants, shift managers, and employees completing the everyday operational tasks that brings in the money. Between these two levels there are district and regional managers seeing over the many locations spread out across America and beyond. It is for this reason the horizontal organizational structure of Chipotle is divisional. A divisional structure groups units around product, customers, or geographic regi ons. Chipotle’s mission and commitment is to deliver great quality tasting food with integrity to its customers no matter where the customers are; therefore, the tasks in completing this goal do not change from store to store, district to district, or region to region. Each of these regions has the same tasks, the same levels of management within them, and the same superiors to report to in the chain of command. Dividing the organization into divisions based on the geographic region makes it possible for each region to purchase their ingredients locally and organically. This divisional structure also allows the company to evaluate and compare the regions. This divisional structure is very different from that of others. A functional structure is organized into departments according to the business functions. In this structure each department has its own expectations and responsibilities, they are not like that of any other department, so the tasks in each department are different from one another. In this type of structure each department is built with individuals that have the skills and expertise in relation to that department. All 1,400 plus Chipotle restaurants are owned by the same corporation. If this was not the case and some stores were franchised out, then a network structure would need to be created. A network organization looks for ways for tasks to be completed outside of the organization by outsourcing. A store that agrees to license contracts and franchises with the company would be responsible for delivering and completing the goals at the specific location; these business functions include management, employment, product ordering, etc. Chipotle would be cutting a lot of cost and making money by contributing little in return. This is the main reason an organization would choose a network type of structure. The responsible party for the outsource function has the power to choose whatever way he or she pleases to complete the tasks and goals assigned. The divisional structure within Chipotle is coordinated by standardization and a formalization that is in place. Basically, each level of management is very clear on the activities required by them because they are usually the same duties repeated over and over. Some duties may be scheduled daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or yearly. Regardless of the schedule they repeat like a cycle. This standardization also makes it possible for the organization to compare and contrast reports and activities by district and regionally. The statistics and results of these reports and the comparisons give top management information needed to make important decisions for the company as a whole or divisionally. Each division and each business function within the company has clear procedures, and because rules and regulations are clearly written within policies the organization’s formal management can evaluate the performance of both. The divisional structure requires great communication skills. Chipotle is also a centralized organization where all decisions are made with the top level of management. Management is required to communicate these decisions, goals, and tasks downward to the destined level of management where implementation takes place. If these ideas and tasks were not communicated correctly poor performance and failure may occur. This may also occur if the information communicated upwards the chain of command is incorrect or ignored. The marketing department relies on information regarding the regions in which operations take place when making decisions and completing the tasks assigned to that function of the company. Operations has the biggest effect on the organizations decisions; therefore, dividing these operations into regions became important when the company grew larger outside of its own region. An organization must consider the facts that defines and describes itself. Factors like the business it conducts, the size and number of employees it has, and the locations in which it facilitates business will determine the type of structure needed. The success of the business depends on the structure built within the organization. Everyone in the entire organization needs to clearly understand the position they have and the responsibilities expected of them. An organizational chart serves exactly that purpose. Chipotle’s divisional structure maps out a wide span of control where fewer levels of reporting exist. Fortunately this divisional structure has turned out to be well chosen for Chipotle. Clearly Steve Ells, Founder, Chairman, and co-CEO knows exactly what he wants and needs from his organization. This reporting system has given him a competive edge. And, this knowledge has led him to great success. Once upon a time he owned a single location in Colorado and now there are Chipotle locations around the globe. Communication works well when it is mapped out correctly.

Can Multiculturalism Really Reduce Prejudice? Essay

The term â€Å"multiculturalism† has recently come into usage to describe a society characterized by a diversity of cultures. Religion, language, customs, traditions, and values are some of the components of a culture, but more importantly culture is the lens through which one perceives and interprets the world. In the past several years there has been a growing trend towards multiculturalism in many areas of our society. Most of these trends are found on college and university campuses. I think this is likely due to a belief that the traditional Christian American values and views are unable to deal with the growing numbers of various ethnic minorities in our society. Phew, that was a mouth full. Although this trend would seem able to change society for the better, I believe that it has been and will be largely ineffective. It does, however, have some possible advantage over society’s traditional view. The Contact Hypothesis states that â€Å"increasing contact between groups can in some circumstances decrease prejudice between them. † It is possible that education about various cultural groups alone, could reduce prejudice similarly to actual contact; by increasing recognition of similarities, providing information that goes against the stereotypical grain, and breaking down the illusion of out-group homogeneity. It would likely do so less than contact. â€Å"Multiculturalism might be able to reduce prejudice without building the resentment, which sometimes occurs in contact. It is also possible that it could help encourage re-categorization. For the most part, however, it seems that multiculturalism will do little or nothing to get rid of prejudice and discrimination. Even assuming that multicultural education is nearly as effective as contact, it would not have much effect on society. Contact itself is only successful under certain circumstances. â€Å"(D’Souza, D. 8) The weakness of multiculturalism is that it only deals with a few of the many aspects of prejudice. Prejudice seems extremely difficult if not impossible to overcome in our society. The stereotypes that are created by and reinforce prejudice are neither rational ideas nor emotional responses. Multiculturalism treats them as if they were. â€Å" Stereotypes are the result of cognitive processes that are, by their very nature, difficult to change. Information that is inconsistent with stereotypes is usually forgotten, ignored, disregarded or devalued. One could be aware that less than 20% of Americans arrested on drug charges are black, and could feel some sort of brothership with humankind, and still be afraid of being mugged by a crack addict in a black neighborhood. â€Å"(Steeh, C & Schuman, H. 344) For example, I do not consider myself to be a racist. I have a Chinese friend, five of my friends are black and the other is Laotian. I’m also friends with a Mexican, a Puerto Rican, Turkish, Jew, the list goes on. I hold no attitudes towards these people, which are influenced by stereotypes. Although, when walking down the street towards a black or Latino person, I’ll admit that I become slightly nervous; just a little more ready to throw or receive a punch. â€Å"Entering a classroom or bus people (white) will most likely sit near a white person more readily than a minority member. If one needed to ask the time or ask for a cigarette, one would probably ask a white over a minority. They may be aware of these things even as they happen. Even aware of their irrationality. Maybe even familiar (hopefully) with the cognitive processes that cause these small discriminations, but it seems that they are helpless to stop them. † (Baron, A. 180) I can not pinpoint the root of my or anyone else’s prejudice. I attend now a nearly all white high school, before which, an almost entirely white middle school. Before the middle school, however, I attended an elementary school consisting of a very healthy mix of different cultures. Maybe less than half the school was white. Neither of my parents is overtly racist. Outside of the media, I have observed more whites committing acts of violence than blacks. On TV however, I have seen blacks behave in mostly negative ways. Or at least I remember it that way. The prejudices, which I have, are based on many observable traits other than ethnicity, as I suspect are most other peoples. I will have a less favorable impression of a black man in â€Å"typical† urban, hip-hop style clothing than of the same man dressed differently. Give him dreadlocks, braids, or a tall floppy head of hair and I will view him even more favorably. This seems to be the result of something other than direct experience. My interactions with blacks have not been more positive or negative based on the person’s mode of dress. â€Å"It seems that most stereotypes are based mainly on media images†(Baird, R. M. & Rosenbaum, S. E. 12). I also hold many stereotypes about members of various subcultural or demographic groups; wealthy students, middle class students, po’ students, business men (note â€Å"men†, stereotypical business person is male), marijuana users, cocaine users, etc. Some are as strong as the racial stereotypes I hold, and some are stronger. For example, given a black pot smoker and white business major that are otherwise identical, I would react more favorably to the latter. When a person belonging to an â€Å"outgroup† becomes more than a stranger or casual acquaintance the stereotypes that I hold about that group are quickly removed from that individual. But I don’t think that I change the stereotypes that I have about his or her group. I have personally experienced very little open racial discrimination towards myself. As a heterosexual, white, male I don’t really have to justify who or what I am. Most racial discrimination that I have faced was from African(I’m assuming)-American boys, with whom I shared a neighborhood with as a small child. Although never confronted directly, I was aware of the occasional dirty look and the usual â€Å"cracker† reference. But this is far from common and has not had a real impact on me. More often I am discriminated against because of my appearance. I have been subjected to a few bogus suspensions from middle school, just because I â€Å"looked† suspicious. One time, I was called down to the office, and blamed for throwing seat-tape on the school bus. I denied it, and told them to check the video tapes on the bus, after all, there are video cameras on each bus. Turns out, not one of them had me throwing anything of the sort. I still was forced to serve the suspension, just because I’ve gotten in trouble a couple times that month. Although these instances have affected me, they seem to have not been strong enough stimuli for me. As for reducing prejudice, there seem to be no easy solutions. It seems that there is a limit on how far rational and emotional arguments can go in eliminating it. I would like to think that I am close to that limit, because short of getting to know everyone personally, I can’t imagine how to reduce my own prejudices. Perhaps multiculturalism could help some people to begin to reduce their prejudices. But can multiculturalism really succeed? Even if people of all colors, genders and religions, were to somehow magically get along together in one community, wouldn’t there still be prejudice? Some people may be looked down upon as invalid. People with mental problems and disorders would no doubt be prejudiced upon. The same goes for people with speech impediments. They would have to receive special help, and for someone to acknowledge that is in a way prejudice. I believe that cultural equality, multiculturalism, peace, whatever, is an impossible goal. People are always going to be different, and that’s not bad at all. Bibliography Page Baird, R. M. & Rosenbaum, S. E. (1992). Bigotry, prejudice and hatred: Definitions, causes & solutions. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. D’Souza, D. (1995). The End of Racism: Principles for a Multicultural Society. New York: The Free Press. Baron, A. (1992). Valuing ethnic diversity: A day-long workshop for university personnel. Journal of College Student Development, 179-181 Steeh, C. & Schuman, H. (1992). Young White adults: Did racial attitudes change in the 1980s? American Journal of Sociology, 340-367.

About Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) Research Paper

About Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) - Research Paper Example Washington took his first opportunity to join a school for formal education in Hampton Institute and this led to his professorship and founding of the most famous African American learning institution in the nineteenth century, Tuskegee Institute. People saw Booker as having the status quo of the black American subordination from his speeches and writings indicated that the road to success for black Americans was only through achieving economic stability with the aid of education such as vocational training (Washington, 2010). Washington did not challenge any political system, protest or even claim about the issue of social fairness like his critics, W.E.B Du Bois and Frederick Douglass. He chose to focus on what Africans could accomplish mainly by concentrating on industrial skills because he believed these skills would help blacks to achieve economic stability. Booker felt that the rebellious rhetoric of his critics distracted the blacks from the road to accomplishment through econ omic success (Washington, 2010).... Fortunately, his mother acquired a Webster’s spelling book’s copy for him, which he vigorously studied. After convincing his stepfather, he did allow him to join a school for black Americans, although he still had to work in the salt mine before and after classes to cater for his family (Washington & Harlan, 2004). While working in the mines, Booker learned of a former slaves’ school, Hampton Institute. He left the work to join Hampton in 1872 after making enough savings to cater for him and his family (Gates & Jarrett, 2007). During his life in Hampton, he came up with his principles of industrial education. After graduation, he went back to Maiden where he worked as a teacher, but finally employed in Hampton as a staff member. In 1881, after recommendation by the founder of Hampton, he was requested to go and start up another industrial school in Alabama (Gates & Jarrett, 2007). Founding Tuskegee Institute Born into slavery, Booker experienced racial discrimina tion throughout his entire life. His desire and commitment to school, made him to be among the view black Americans who were educated, whereby he succeeded to become a teacher after his graduation (Gates & Jarrett, 2007). Believing in industrial education, Booker founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama when he was twenty-five years old. Booker believed that social racism was highly entrenched to extend that demanding immediate social equality would not be successful (Gates & Jarrett, 2007). The vision of his institute was to train black Americans to acquire skills that could help them the most. Tuskegee Institute eventually became an agricultural research institute center. One of the famous products of Tuskegee Institute was George Washington

Analysis essay of television and ads Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of television and ads - Essay Example Nevertheless, the history of the electronic television as we know it today can be traced back to the genius of three major people, starting with Thomas Edison, who discovered what he referred to as telephonescope, which was a system that allowed pictures and sound to be seen and heard in a different location, from where they were being taken (Abramson, 47). Fundamentally, it is the invention by Edison that first proved it could be able to combine and transmit both light and sound concurrently (Downing, 13). Thus, even the later engineers and inventors who later perfected the art of television production recognized that, the basis upon which the television was developed, was the fundamentals â€Å"which Edison helped to erect† , despite the fact that Edison did not bear any direct relations to the creation of Television (Gutterman, 243). It is his invention that laid the groundwork for its development, through demonstrating the major concept of light and sound combination and t ransmission, all at the same time. Vladimir Zworykin is the other major inventor in the field of Television invention, who consumed two decades, between 1919 and 1939, developing the concept invented by Edison, and finally coming up with the ‘iconoscope’, which was used to scan pictures, which would then be transmitted alongside sound (Downing, 30). Further, another major inventor in the Television development emerged, in the name of Philo Farnesworth who dedicate much of his time in devising a system of transmitting images and sound at the same time, and he finally managed to put up a concept in 1927, which indicated that his system was â€Å"able to transmit an image from one of his early camera tubes, proving that his new system would work" (Abramson, 105). After the inventions, both Zworykin and Farnesworth shared their patents with different broadcasting companies which then used the camera dissectors they had developed to transmit and air content on television se ts. The Television set invention and development can be traced to the work of Paul Nipkow, a technician in Germany, who developed an electronic device that could be used to relay both images and sound, in 1884 (Gutterman, 107). Important turning points in the evolution of the television The major turning point in the history of television occurred with the introduction of the first television broadcast. The first television broad cast that was publicly announced occurred in the USA in 1928, followed by the UK and Germany in 1929, and then France and the Soviet Union in 1931 (Downing, 28). However, the pioneer manufacture of the commercial television set was a German company, Telefunken, which had collaborated with Zworykin to have him share his patented ‘iconoscope’, which was then used to develop the television set by the company in Germany, in 1934 (Abramson, 102). The first type of television that was introduced for broadcasting was the mechanical television, which a pplied mechanical scanning devices to generate and transmit video signals, applying the disk that was discovered by a German technician, and became popularly known as the Nipkow disk, which was a rotating disc that could transmit pictures over a wire cable (Gutterman, 233). However, considering that the picture quality applied by the mechanical te

Determining Your perfect Position Research Paper - 1

Determining Your perfect Position - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that perfect position would be as such that asks to manifest yourself in the leadership role where you could oversee work without actually doing anything. This would mean that the managers would report and tell what is going on in the workplace but it would not in any way ask me to go out and look at how employees would be doing their tasks and processes. The strengths and weaknesses of the leadership style areas such that he would be soft natured but would not tolerate any misgivings at the workplace. The researcher remains staunch about the work domains that come about under the organizational tenets. He would always make it a point to remain steadfast about his resources and the employees who are there within the workplace realms. He would keep them abreast of the changes that are taking place on an organizational level and would not worry about taking a risk every now and then. The strengths that would embody the basis of the researcher ’s leadership would comprise of my strong adherence to guidelines and rules that have been made in the organization his the weaknesses would be that the author would be sensitive to emotions and sentiments of individuals working in the organization. Hence the researcher believes this would be his perfect position because it would offer him a chance to showcase who he is and what he wants to do when he becomes a leader.

Discourse Community Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Discourse Community Analysis - Assignment Example The language used in neighborhoods is quite different from other discourse communities. The neighborhood community which I am going to discuss here is of my childhood which brings back my thoughts about how I developed as a mature individual. It was through our usage of language that people knew as to which neighborhood we belonged to. Language comprises an important part of the daily communication sector between individuals. If languages for specific discourse communities were not recognized then it would be completely impossible for individuals to segregate communities or to identify them. The language which I am going to emphasize in this essay revolves around me and my fellow childhood friends who were my neighbors. The language that we used in our neighborhood was clearly understood by our members only and if any outsider intruded in our territory it would be quite difficult for him to grasp the original meaning of our words. A common philosophy was made in our neighborhood as to who should be taught our norms and who should be not. Although new neighbors were welcomed by us in the neighborhood but it took them sometime to get settled with the new discourse community. By usage of language here it is meant that all the aspects of language ranging from minute to the broad ones are being considered here. These aspects of language can include words, gestures, phrases and facial expressions. We the children of our neighborhood had specific nicknames for our friends. In our language these friends were called ‘buddies’. Not only was language verbal only but it also consisted the broad factors of appearance. We had specific sort of signs in our appearance which helped the other ‘buddies’ to recognize us. As one of my neighborhood friend was called ‘Cappy’, it denoted that he always wore a cap. And similarly a friend

Globalization of operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization of operations management - Essay Example raw materials, skilled and low-cost labor force among others (Mahadevan 121). Economies of scale also arise after a company expands it production capacity due to lower cost of operation. The service sector on the other hand has capitalized on the skilled labor force available overseas at low cost e.g. outsourcing firms relocating to India (Mahadevan 138). This expansion or shifting centers of operation also affect operations management adversely. There is the need for the firm to operate within the laws and standards of the new markets which are not necessarily similar to those of original market. Client’s special needs and preferences should also be considered in production which can increase on costs. Global market place is also quite competitive raising the need to have sound operational management strategies. CONCLUSION Globalization has taken many organizations to greater heights in the competitive global market. This scenario has enabled them to gain competitive advantag e and increase on production which results to higher margins. A firm going global should therefore appreciate that it will have to initiate changes in its operations to suit the new market dynamics. Works cited Mahadevan, B. Operations Management: Theory and Practice. Pearson Education India, 2010.

Choose promt in attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Choose promt in attachment - Essay Example The latter has seen a lot of improvement in the film industry for women. Also important was the Civil Rights Movement. Mulvey’s theory in which she stipulates that women are just sexual fantasies for males in earlier films supports this argument. Laura Mulvey is renowned for her ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’ where she analyses the production technique of Hollywood films. According to her ‘gaze theory’, most of the films produced have a masculine approach. This implies that the films use women as objects that provide visual pleasure for men (Hemery, 2013). In films today, there still exist forms of objectifying women, even though they are also given major roles involving active participation. Examples of films that portray women as sexual objects include 100 Girls, National Lampoon’s Dorm Daze and I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell. In 100 Girls, there are women who are in the film to fulfill the actor’s sexual desires. In today†™s films, especially those meant for children, the female gender is not represented equally as their male counterparts. However, when they appear in such films, they are either passive or over-attractive. For instance, women in animated films are portrayed as extremely thin, with small waists and hourglass figures. In films such as Pretty Woman, women are portrayed as escorts who are paid for their companionship services. A rich businessperson, Edward, pays Vivian Ward, played by Julia Roberts. Later on, they fall in love. They are also adorned with alluring clothes. Men, on the other hand, are presented as saviors, warriors, breadwinners, and protectors of the world in films. For example, in the film, The Avengers, the pictorial cover portrays five men and one woman. Apart from the unequal representation of women, the picture also portrays her carrying the smallest of the weapons. According to research findings, only 32.8% of speaking characters are female while the remaining 62. 7% of the characters are male. In total, less than 17% of films in the industry are balanced in terms of gender (Smith, 2008). Similarly, in the directing and producing areas for every one female there are approximately five males. This is alarming, especially since almost half of the society is made up of females. Film Industry in the early 1950s was marred with various stereotypes, including the traditional role male and female. In the few instances that women were represented in films, they appeared as homemakers, with a lot of babies and household chores. Films today have however revolutionized women’s role a little bit (Hemery, 2013). This could be attributed to modernity and westernization that has seen women pursue their careers and still play their roles as wives and mothers, like in Strike back. Jodhi May is portrayed as a survivor in the male dominated world of military, and she climbs to the top. Many females are also portrayed as having a great affinity for romant ic relationships. For instance, The Ugly Truth portrays Abby Ritcher as a romantically challenged woman, who lashes out her list of how her dream man ought to be. Most films also show women as weak, and no matter who wrongs the other in film, the woman always forgives and gets back with her male partner. An example here is Project X, a high school themed film. Films like Clueless depict the nature of girls as shallow. The reasons for this is because all they do is shop and enjoy

Management of international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management of international business - Essay Example The company is also committed to meeting deadlines following a well organized work schedules. Most of our clients are referred to the company by previous clients indicating that we offer quality services that are customer satisfactory. In addition, it demonstrates that the company is committed to its work and very reliable besides the good customer relations that the company has established. This is the main reason why the company has continued to be relevant over the past fifty years. The company has incorporated sustainability principle in its principles. It utilizes construction materials efficiently and effectively to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on humans and detrimental effects on the environment following the company’s activities. The company has a deep understanding on the need for development that is sustainable. Our construction activities meet the international standards of construction with a long term vision of conserving ecological systems. Holder Con struction Company advocates for environmental impact assessment in order to weigh the costs and benefits that are likely to accrue from the development projects. In addition, the company has employed accredited environmental health officers who are experts in the area of environmental impact assessment as well as environmental audit that can be offered to assess if the environmental mitigation measures that were recommended are being achieved. The company is committed to its social responsibility. It is responsive and follows requirements that have been recommended by intergovernmental regulations. For instance, The Rio declaration on Environment and Development, Participatory Principles, Sustainability Principle, and The Precautionary Principle among other environmental principles and policies. Holder Construction Company has a department that drives its goals and mission of implementing sustainability development and Corporate Responsibility through its Sustainability Development Department. The department has a sole responsibility of giving the necessary advice required prior to the actual construction and during construction. This indicates how much we attach a lot of value in efforts towards Corporate Responsibility. The company holds sustainable practices at heart. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility, also known as Corporate Citizenship, is a framework that is used to evaluate a company’s performance against parameters including social and environmental parameters including economic parameters. The main aim of Corporate Social

Violent Video Games Contribute to Violence Research Paper

Violent Video Games Contribute to Violence - Research Paper Example This is especially in the schools where some after falling out with their peers have resulted to shootings. Conversely, studies have contended contrary to violence emanating from the violent videos mainly among the children. They contend that, aggression especially among teenage usually emanates from the environment, which nurtures them to maturity or due to mental disorder of an individual. Hence, reshaping one’s character where one becomes violent due to the belief that this is the only way others can understand own situation. Studies have proved that violent gamers normally depict characteristics of antagonism chiefly in their behavior (Craig & Karen 778). This usually extends even long after the turning off the game where the players’ inner emotions become numbed and merciless contrary to those who have not watched. Since, the current, sophisticated media allows the players actively interact with the scenes where with other peers they can compete to prove possessed remarkable expertise to outdo the other. This brews aggression among the players and especially if they are teens, where their control immensely relies on emotions and not intellect because of their immaturity (Craig & Karen 779). Consequently, they turn hostile especially when they are in the midst of other students and when irritated result to killing; similarly the way they see and do while playing during their video sessions. Psychology claims that youngsters develop â€Å"Behavioral scripts† where life’s experiences usually record themselves. According Michael Rich, children use this to respond to the external environment, and especially when it seems hostile, they counteract it with the same measure or extra (Craig & Karen 780). Alternatively, they act to outdo or outwit the predicament that is depriving them the comfort they are experiencing via either inflicting pain, which is the environment comprising of their peers. Consequently, they result to hurting them and regretting afterwards of their actions when they sober up. The motivator of all these is what they attain from the violent video games (Craig, Katherine & Gentile 3). Since, most normally place the player on the side of the aggressor. It makes the player start having the feelings of hostility, and one expects the same from those he engages who are ready to fight and resist, but one’s peers are contrary. Primarily, the game offers rewards to the aggressor due to achievements made in pursuance of their opponent while in their mission. Owing to constant urge in playing these games, they normally offer the player to rehearse the entire process involving provocation to the absolute resolution of the conflict, which is death (Ferguson & Rueda 102). Additionally, since these games are addictive, they augment the learners’ skills and embed aggression in their character as they continue maturing. Hence, become part of them, which it may be hard to amend their behavior once they are adults. According to studies, youths’ exposure to video games has resulted to numbing their feelings against horror or both the human and property destruction. Youths emulate numerous sadistic actions evident in these videos and assume that, the only and effective way to deal with life predicaments is via violence (Ferguson & Rueda 105). In this way, youths may not be aware until other people notice and with proper

Literary Genre Essay Example for Free

Literary Genre Essay What is Literature? Language Department IPGK Pendidikan Teknik Based on your experience learning literature, what is literature? What are the characteristics of literature? Do you need to learn literature? †¢? Traditionally, literature is â€Å"imaginative† writing. †¢? However, the distinction between â€Å"real† and â€Å"fake† or â€Å"fact† and â€Å"fiction† isn’t always a good distinction; many classical works were non-fiction. Literature is Subjective †¢? Since the 1980’s, the â€Å"literary canon† of works – a group of works â€Å"agreed upon† to be â€Å"the best† by well-known scholars and critics, has been disputed. Why do you think the â€Å"canon† was disputed? †¢? The â€Å"Canon† excluded most works that were not by white, European males. †¢? Works of literature by women, homosexuals, and works by individuals of varied races, classes and ethnicities were marginalised. How did this happen? †¢? There are many ways of â€Å"writing† – but those in power recognised only one, formal way of â€Å"writing†, and this was given the higher value. †¢? Thus, the literary â€Å"canon† is a construct; it was fashioned by particular people for particular reasons at a particular time. †¢? There is no literary work or tradition that has value in and of itself †¦ †¢? †¦. even Shakespeare! †¢? In his era, Shakespeare was regarded as a hack! †¢? Time and circumstance has offered the value to particular text; and this â€Å"value† is a transitive term – it will change as the people in power change and are altered, and according to the context of the reading of a particular text. 10 years ago †¦. †¢? BLOGS were stupid. †¢? NOW, Iraq War Veterans’ BLOGS are considered vital historic and â€Å"literary† documents! Revisioning the Canon: †¢? All â€Å"literary† works are unconsciously rewritten by the societies that read them. Context †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the  light of their own concerns. †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given circumstances. †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given time period. The Diary of Anne Frank: †¢? Literature? Or Not? I Have A Dream: †¢? Is this speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Literature? Or Not? Literature and â€Å"value† †¢? Each of us is constructed by experiences and backgrounds and emotions and ideas and prejudices and knowledge and lack of knowledge †¦ †¢? How we each respond to a particular text is deeply entwined with our broader prejudices and belief systems. Basic Definition of Literature †¢? Latin – litterae (plural for letter) †¢? Literally means â€Å"acquaintance with letters† Why Do We Study Literature? †¢? To obtain a window of the world and other cultures. †¢? To understand ourselves (how? ). †¢? To gain insights into a character’s inner thoughts, con? icts, aspirations etc. †¢? To actively shape culture through the active and articulate constructions of sociocultural realities. So †¦ what is literature? †¢? What constitutes a â€Å"literary† text? †¢? What qualities will help me to determine the â€Å"literariness† of a text? †¢? Read â€Å"What is Literature† by Jim Meyer for our class discussion this Thursday.

Mobile Phone Distribution Comparison: US and Myanmar

Mobile Phone Distribution Comparison: US and Myanmar INTRODUCTION It is not only the lives of individuals had been changed since the introduction of mobile phones, but also the future of the telecommunication sector. From a person informs his or her friends about changing in plans or dealing an international business with client or even a victim ask for help when something bad happens. Mobile phones are really important in today’s society. The boundaries of space, time and size had been narrowed down through the growth of the wireless communication sector. In the Americas region, there is a continuous growth and more than 50 percent of penetration rates in the South and Central America in mobile sector. While there are about 30 percent penetration rates in Peru, Honduras, Costa Rica, Bolivia and Nicaragua. On the other side, Argentina and Chile had 80 and 76 percent of penetration rates respectively. While in Asia-Pacific region, Myanmar and Kiribati had extremely low mobile phones penetration rate, which is 1 percent. In Taiwan, Singapore, Macao, Hong Kong and Australia, the penetration rate are 90 percent. There is average of 6.3 million new mobile subscribers in India every month in 2006. Moreover, 43 percent of Asia- Pacific mobile market is belongs to China with a penetration rates of 35 percent. The purpose of this paper is to find out why there is a big gap between the mobile network system of the United States and Myanmar. Myanmar was chosen because it has a very low mobile penetration level and Myanmar has only 9% out of 60 million people have mobile phones. This research question will emphasis on the distribution and segmentation of the medium in both United States and Myanmar, ownership, national regulatory structures, socio-economic origins and functions of mobile phones in today’s society. MAIN BODY DISTRIBUTION AND SEGMENTATION OF MOBILE NETWORK IN MYANMAR AND UNITES STATES Distribution of mobile network in Myanmar The telecommunications sector in Myanmar is under developed. Figure 2 shows that the mobile phone coverage serves just 10% of the population in Myanmar. There are more than 55,000 villages in Myanmar are still without mobile service. The government targets to reach 75 to 80 percent of mobile penetration in 2016. Figure 3 illustrates that only 0.8 per 100 habitants have a mobile phone subscription in Myanmar. Distribution of mobile network in United States While in United States, the biggest mobile network provider – Verizon had covers over 95% of the population by 4G LTE. Figure 4 illustrates the coverage of 4G LTE of Verizon in United States. There is a very big difference between the mobile network coverage of United States and Myanmar. Myanmar has a very low mobile phones penetration rates due to the poor mobile network coverage. Segmentation of mobile phones in Myanmar Nandar said that â€Å"two foreign firm Ooredoo and Telenor has tap in Myanmar has invested to improve their communication. While other country is enjoying the technology of cameras, trendiness and personalizing their own phone, Myanmar is still concern of their phone keyboard for Myanmar language.† Maierbrugger stated that Myanmar is still the stage to expand their mobile services. Based on the latest statistic, stated that only 5.4 million of Myanmar’s 60 million populations have cell phones. SIM cards used to be $160, but are now slowly being reduced with the help of foreign mobile companies. Segmentation of mobile phones in United States Based on comScore Networks research, their national panel survey concluded that there are three age-related segments. First is â€Å"The Cellular Generation†. They are aged from 18 to 24; this generation was born with mobile phone awareness, growing up with mobile phones. Second age-related segment is called â€Å"Transitioners†. They are mainly aged from 25 to 34 because this group falls into two particular segments which are those who grew up with mobile phone awareness and those who did not. Finally the third group is known as â€Å"Adult Adopters†. This group is aged 35 or older and they are not aware of phone until adulthood. They showed the least interest in emerging technologies. Figure above showing the result for cell phone attitudes by consumer segment for the year 2006. OWNERSHIP Ownership of mobile networks in Myanmar There are only two mobile network providers in Myanmar, they are the Myanma Posts and Telecommunications and Yatanarpon Teleport. â€Å"The Myanma Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), is the main provider of telecommunication services in Myanmar. MPT is operating under the Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs.† â€Å"In order to fulfil the demand for data communication services for the business and IT industry, Yatanarpon Teleport (YTP) was established in September 2002.† Song stated in International Business Times that â€Å"MPT and YTP only cover less than 10 percent of the network coverage in Myanmar. In June 2013, Qatars Ooredoo and Norway’s Telenor won contracts to develop the mobile network in the country†. Chun and Mahtani stated in the Wall Street Journal that â€Å"Ooredoo and Telenor will become the first foreign telecommunications operators in Myanmar. After decades of military rule in Myanmar, it welcomes the foreign investment to its once tightly controlled telecom sector by awarding the telecom licenses.† Ownership of mobile networks in United States While in United States, there are 14 mobile network providers. The four main providers are Verizon Wireless, ATT Mobility, Sprint Corporation and T-Mobile US. â€Å"Verizon Communications Inc., based in New York City was formed on June 30, 2000, with the merger of Bell Atlantic Corp. and GTE Corp.† â€Å"ATT Mobility is a wholly owned subsidiary of ATT Inc. ATT provides wireless services to 109.4 million subscribers in the United States.† â€Å"Sprint Corporation is a major global Internet carrier and also provides wireless service. SoftBank Corporation owned majority shares of the company.† â€Å"T-Mobile US, Inc. is an American wireless networks operator, headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. Deutsche Telekom AG maintains a 67% ownership of T-Mobile US, Inc. common stock.† NATIONAL REGULATORY STRUCTURES Spectrum scarcity is the main regulatory issue arising from the mobile network markets. Regulators have to allocate the spectrum rights with care to ensure the growth and efficiency in the market. The mobile network markets of United States and Myanmar are different as they have different number of operators and regulatory structures. National regulatory structures in Myanmar â€Å"The Telecoms Law in Myanmar stated that â€Å"access and interconnection provided by a licensee†¦ shall be on an equitable and non-discriminatory basis and shall not be of lower technical standard and quality than the technical standard or quality provided in the licensee’s own network facilities or network services†. The regulator have the power to negotiate interconnection with the licensees or even share the facilities that cannot be proficiently replicated. The interconnection agreement and the procedure for referring and resolving disagreement are being concluded when the draft regulations go on to specify period. However, it is unseen that how Myanmar practice these rules, but in writing Myanmar will have an international regime with other countries which are in best practice. The next concern is the public availability of licensing criteria. Myanmar had awarded two national mobile licences to Ooredoo and Telenor. The process was open and transparent with more than 90 bidders participating. In both the draft licensing guidelines and the law, the outline for the additional licences is clearly stated. The draft regulations had provided the licensing criteria, timeline and licence terms and it meet the requirements.† National regulatory structures in United States In United States, the mobile service started as a government-licensed duopoly with licenses extending over urban areas and later to rural service areas. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) achieved this by transferring the 115 MHz of spectrum into mobile uses. There are many operators owned the licenses but soon consolidation happened within the industry by mergers and acquisitions. FCC gives the permission to Fleet Call, a new company to penetrate the market by selling the special mobile radio licenses and convert them to cellular use in 1992, because Fleet Call offered to make better use of the spectrum. Then, an advance mobile communication- Personal Communications System (PCS) was invented. The licences for PCS con only be obtained through a government auction. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORIGINS AND FUNCTIONS OF MEDIUM IN TODAY’S SOCIETY Socio Economic Origins in Myanmar Ever since Ooredoo and Telenor invested in Myanmar, there are numerous benefits which the country obtained. The overall economic effect of mobile sector in Myanmar is estimated to increase by 1.5-7.4 percent of gross domestic products (GDP) in the first 3 years after the licenses are issued. There will be an impact on the employment rate in Myanmar for mobile sector, estimated over 66,000 will be employed as full-time employees. Figure above explains both direct and indirect employment rate of mobile value chain. Productivity of workers increased for the past 3 years because of the effect of mobile communication. This is mainly caused by the information flow between seller and buyer, decrease in time for travelling, and the possibility to access in new areas in Myanmar. For example, agriculture sector, fisherman or farmers could quickly be notified about the price change in the market so that they could alter their plans. It is forecasted that Mobile Network Operator (MNO) gives various benefits to the supply side of economy in Myanmar via the direct impact of their outflow. As for the social impacts of mobile phone in Myanmar, the development of Myanmar’s community interpersonal and family communication will be improved. Moreover, isolated areas could be reached with the support of mobile phones. Hence isolation will be reduced. Socio Economic Origins in United States The mobile phone sector for United States brought a deep impact in the economy. Figure 6 shows that United States mobile phone industry has created 3.8 million directly and indirectly. An increment of 200,000 employments and this could conclude that an increase of 2.6% of all US employment. Furthermore, the phone industry with its direct and indirect workers has paid over $88.6 billion in taxes, as well as the federal, state and local fees. Moreover, mobile phone sector, it contributed $1.739 billion to US GDP from year 2011 to 2012. Moreover, an increase in government revenues as much $468 million and the employment rate also increased by 7,000. Figure 6 shows that the employment created by wireless industry in the United States in year 2011. Function of medium in today’s society The mobile phones clearly shows the priorities and values of our culture. Firstly, the mobile phones reveal the culture of constant communication. It is important for today’s society to stay connected with their family, friends and colleagues. People are able to call anyone with a mobile phone no matter where it is except for those areas that do not have mobile network coverage. Another concern of people purchase mobile phones is for safety reason. Mobile phones keep people feeling safe through being connected. Imagine someone stuck on a dark road with an empty gas tank or a flat tire and the person does not have a mobile phone to ask for help. The person might have wait for someone that pass by or start walking in the dark. Besides, this is a dangerous world, anything could happen. A mobile phone is needed for us to get help when we need it most. Another cultural priority of today’s society is reflected by the mobile phones, which is technology. We are living in a society that continuously searching for the â€Å"new and improved† technology. Mobile phones was very big and clunky objects that got very poor reception and not reliable. And now it transformed to a mobile phones that able to fit in our pocket and have many technological abilities that are important to todays society. After all, mobile phones are really extremely important in today’s society. CONCLUSION The purpose of this paper is to search for the reason why there is a big gap between the mobile network system of the United States and Myanmar. After the analysis, the main reason that the weak mobile network system in Myanmar is because of the military has the control of the whole telecommunications system. Myanmar did not open to other countries to invest in the telecommunications sector until 2013. However, the main concern of people getting a mobile phone is to look for safety, status, or service. Both United States and Myanmar need to invest in its infrastructure with proper regulatory measures to ensure they the people in the country could enjoy the best facilities.

The Competitive Position Of A Company

The Competitive Position Of A Company This statement (in the coming referred to as The Statement) holds two different perspectives on the strategy thinking one based on competitive positioning and the other one based on industry structure and The Statement could to all appearances come from Porter. In Porters world it is the industry in which a company operates that is the foundation for the strategic analysis (reference). This is where the rules for competition are being made something that is well documented in Porters earlier work (see box Black box reference). In his later work (efter 1980 reference) Porter is more concerned about the resource needed to create a favorable competitive position within the industry. According to Porter every strategic formulation therefore needs to contain the two elements industry analysis and competitive positioning analyses (reference). My argument in this paper is that the two approaches cannot stand alone and that they are the two sides of the same coin. Taken the word limitations of this assignment into consideration, this is a short version of a huge area of strategic thinking, literature and ideas. How and why the stages of the evaluation has been undertaken I will be evaluating The Statements through two different theoretical approaches to strategy. The industry analyses (outside-in) versus the resource based view (inside-out). I will be working with the two approaches as two opposite poles in strategy thinking. In the industry analyses part I will be focusing on Porters early work (and the positioning school in the coming referred to as P-School) and their approach to strategy thinking. On the other side I will be focusing on the resource based view (in the coming referred to as RVB). This will be done through 2 different aspects A) The two approaches fundamental hypothesis and B) The two approaches key points of criticism. Finally I will compare the two rirections and make the following conclusion/thesis: The main statement of the assignment is too simplistic. In my view its a combination of internal and external factors that determines the competitive position of a company. The inside-out and the outside-in approaches have much in co mmon and for strategy development both approaches are relevant. A theoretical approach to evaluation of the statement There have been several attempts in literature to categorize strategy perspectives or schools of thought (e.g. Mintzberg 1990 and Whittington 2001). The two schools I will be looking at here P-school and RVB school each describing one part of a the SWOT framework (Barney 1991). RVB describes the strengths and weaknesses of a company, and the industry analyses are accountable for opportunities and threats as described in Barneys view on strategic framework. In the following I will try to make the correlation between two key views which both are occupied with the concept of competitive advantage through two components (Verdin Williamson, 1994); external sources and internal sources. Focus on the internal sources Resource based view (Inside out) The resources based view underlines the internal capabilities of the organisation in achieving sustainable competitive advantages in the market. Studies show that there are differences in companies returns within specific industries (Werner Field Montgomery, 1988). These differences are interpreted as caused by the existence of company specific differences in resources and skills. So it can be argued that it is the companies portfolio of resources and skills and the effective use of them, which determines a sustainable competitive advantage. Jay Barney is often mentioned as the author of the RVB approach (reference), but also significant contributions have been made by authors like Wernerfelt (1984) and Gary Hamel/ C. K. Prahalad (1990). With the publication of the book: The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (Penrose 1959) Edith Penrose advocates the view that the limitation of a companys growth opportunities are primarily related to its internal resources and capabilities. Grant, an other noble contributor to the RBV, puts the theses internal resources into three groups: tangible, intangible and human (reference). They all have similar but still slightly different understandings of RBV, but fundamentally they argument for an inside-out view, where the competitive advantage derives from a companys resources. Studies show that there are differences in companies returns within specific industries (Werner Field Montgomery, 1988). These differences are interpreted as caused by the existence of company specific differences in resources and skills. So the main hypothesis of the RBV writers is that is its portfolio of resources and skills and the effective use of them, which is the prerequisite for achieving sustained competitive advantage (reference). Fahy, Smithee (1999) cites Hooley, Moller and Broderick (1998) for criticising the resource-based view for its inward focus which risks ignoring the nature of market demand. Also Priem Butler (2001) made several points of critic by arguing that the role of product markets is underdeveloped in the argument, and that different resource configurations can generate the same value for firms and thus would not be competitive advantage. Priem and Butler further argue that the RBV is lacking detail and therefore being difficult to implement. The most outspoken criticism of the schools theory and method is directed against the schools one-sided emphasis on the companys resource at the expense of the market. It can be argued that this theory is too one track minded on enterprise resource being the only factor in building competitive advantages. The resource-based only relates inward inside out, so it does not create an immediate understanding of its environment, or the fact that a company must act in the environment in order to be competitive. Focus on the external sources Industry Perspective Porter is a prominent scientist in relations to the outside-in view at least his work before 1980 (reference) (which is what I will comment here). Porter and the P-School, tries explaining why some companies are more successful than other companies when they apparently are subject to the same business conditions (reference). In addition, the school has focused on answering the question What forces drive competition in an industry? (reference). In relation to The Statement Porter believes that for the individual company, the industry structure is essential for the companys strategic development and competitive position (reference). Porter identifies 5 different basic forces which determine a companys competitive position in the market a model of industry attractiveness Porters 5 Forces. The five forces is an out-side strategy tool which is used to illuminate the main competition issues in a market and measure how strong and important each one of them is. A critic of Porter and the P-school is linked to the fact that the choice of strategy is largely based on analytical desk work, without prior knowledge of real market conditions. Mintzberg writes in his book The rise and fall of Strategic Planning: The whole positioning school of which Porter is the leading spokesman depends to such an extent on strategic analyses, that it virtually replaces overall planning as the main activity (Mintzberg 1994:273). Porters Five Forces Model has some limitations with the market and business environment we have today. One of the criticisms is that the model assumes a relatively static market structure ((Prahalad and Gary, 1990) that can only create a snapshot picture of the market situation. Porters model is based primarily on the economic situation in the 80s were characterized by strong competition and a stable market structures. Todays market is dynamic, hectic and constantly changing (Prahalad and Gary, 1990), which also affects the firms acting in these markets. Another recent critique is made by Larry Downes (2001) who comments on Porters theory not being as important as they used to be, as new economic laws, conditions and markets have raised ( globalisation, digitalisation and deregulation). Still they are valid to some extent, as long as they are used with the knowledge that they have limitations within them. Hill and Jones (1995) make further criticisms of Porters 5 forces by stating that a companys success is not certain to be successful just because it operates in an attractive industry. The positioning school are solely focused on the market conditions and their crucial role in the competitive position of a company (reference). They do not involve the internal environment in determining/improving the competitive position of a company. This is a very limited view, which is the same critique as I put on the RBV its too one-sided. Alternative nonfinancial perspective to Inside-Out and Outside-in approach An alternative theoretical approach to Inside-Out and Outside-in in a nonfinancial measure could be done by looking at the contingency approach to management and strategy development. Fiedlers contingency model has the basic assumption that there is no best way of organizing or leading (Fiedler, 1964). Charles W. Hofer (1975) discusses the concept in terms of business strategy development. The contingency approach to strategy thinking underlines the importance of developing a best fit between structure, strategy and environment (là ¦rebogen side 69). Summery Not either or, but complementary I have now looked at our statement through two perspectives to strategy thinking. In my opinion, there is no one best way. Its about finding the perfect fit between inside out and outside in focus. The industry perspective and RBV perspective in strategic analysis are two parts of the same whole. E.g. in analyzing the industry perspective, it is possible to identify elements, which lies outside the area of RBV and vice versa. To be able to navigate successfully and be successful in todays dynamic markets you have to adapt to the external environments as well as the internal resources and ideally create the perfect fit between them. So its not neither or, but a complementary of both approaches, which is also the direction Porter is giving in his later work from 1985 (Murray, A. I.:390). Conclusion Strategic analysis has two dominant approaches or better referred to as fractions or perspectives. Outside In which is based on Porter and the positioning schools and the inside out concept which is often referred to as RBV Barney being the central author. This papers main point is that none of them can do without the other. The fundamental difference is that inside-out looks at the strategic analysis and a company competitive ability as being based on the internal resources and capabilities of which the company has at its disposal. On the other hand, outside in works from the starting point that it is the structure of a given industry which determines the companies competitive ability. An industry analyses requires both internal and external analyses to be successful. The Statement The competitive position of a company is determined by the industry structure in which it competes. should be rephrased to The competitive position of a company is determined by the internal resources available to the company and by the industry structure in which it competes. if the statement should be fully correct.

Football stuff :: essays research papers

Stepping Outside Traditional Boundaries In Football, Fast Cars, and Cheerleading: Adolescent Gender Norms, 1978-1989, Suitor and Reavis found that adolescents did not change drastically in their views about gender roles from the late 1970s to the late 1980s. The differences they did find were an increase in girls’ reports of sports involvement as a social advancement tool, and a larger increase in boys’ reports of sports as a way for girls to gain status. They also found that, by the late 1980s, more boys noted high sexual activity, a stereotypically masculine characteristic, as a social advancement tool for girls, while girls did not report any stereotypically feminine activities as a way for boys to gain status. Girls, therefore, were more accepted into masculine arenas, but boys did not stray into feminine arenas. The implications of the study are that boys have remained locked into traditional masculine roles. While girls have advanced socially through entering masculine roles, boys have not advanced soci ally through entering traditionally feminine roles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the late 1970s, the general trend was that adolescents felt that participation in sports was did not increase girls’ status as much as other activities. Suitor and Reavis found that 33.6 of the students who graduated between 1978 and 1982 reported that sports was one way in which girls advanced in status, while 90% said sports was a way boys advanced in status. Physical attractiveness was the number one way in which girls were said to gain prestige. Through the late 1980s, these trends continued. Similarly, rowdy behavior was seen as a masculine advancement tool, but never mentioned as a feminine tool. This brings into question the ways in which kids learn that boys are aggressive and supposed to pursue sports, whereas girls are not. Children learn gender roles early on in life, as their parents reward and punish certain behaviors that are biologically based and promote gender intensification. For example, girls are complimented for having their hair done nicely in ribbons or headbands, while boys are complimented for playing well and being competitive in a soccer game. While boys are biologically more aggressive than girls, this aggression and roughness is enhanced and encouraged through socialization. Nature and nurture are both at work in early gender development, as characteristics that are by nature masculine or feminine are coded with social behaviors and are overly engrained in children’s heads. As children spend more time with peers, they reinforce these rules with each other, by teaching each other and interacting in the roles that have been defined for them.

The Men of Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Essays

The Men of Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, the reader is given a particular glimpse into Janie's life with reference to the men she has known.   Janie's three men are all very different, yet they were all Janie's husband at one point in her life.   Although they all behaved differently, in lifestyle as well as their relationship with Janie, they all shared certain similarities.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Janie's first husband was a poor old soul named Logan Killicks.   He was an ugly, dirty farmer whose prime concern for Janie was that she do her share of the work in order to keep the farm up and running.   Janie was simply another pair of hands to do some work.   When compared with Janie's second husband, Logan seems uncaring and rude.      When Janie first met her second husband, Joe, he was very caring and reassuring - an ideal husband.   Joe was an ambitious young man with many goals set out for him.   And like Janie, he was raised around a white background.   Joe strived to be and have the best at everything.   However, once Joe got Janie as his wife, he became a jealous and demanding man, just as Logan had been.   Joe saw himself as a god, his sentences began with " I god..." ... ...use he used it to help himself become mayor.   Tea Cake loved Janie for who she was as a woman.   All three had completely different things to offer Janie economically, socially, and emotionally.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two rich men loved a woman, the poor man loved Janie.    Works Cited and Consulted: Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Classics, 1990. Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Williams, Shirley Anne. Forward. Their Eyes Were Watching God. By Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Bantam-Dell, 1937. xv.

Religious Discrimination Essay

Religious discrimination under Title VII as defined by the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) involves treating a person unfavorably because of his or her religious beliefs. The law protects not only people who belong to traditional, organized religions but also others who have sincerely held religious, ethical or moral beliefs. The law forbids discrimination on the basis of religion in any and all aspects of employment. This includes hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, and benefits. Title VII also prohibits workplace segregation based on religion, such as assigning an employee to a non-customer contact position because of actual or presumed customer preference. Title VII also addresses reasonable accommodation in relation to religion. The law requires that the employer must reasonably accommodate an employee’s religious beliefs or practices, unless doing so would cause more than a minimal burden on the employers business. For example, if an employee needs to be off work on Sunday mornings to regularly attend church services it would be the responsibility of the employer to reasonably attempt to accommodate this need. An accommodation for this could include paying another employee to cover the Sunday morning shift, even if it requires paying overtime. Or the employer could hire an additional employee to be able to cover the shift. Since Title 7 of the United States Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 there have been several judicial decisions that have molded the way this law in interpreted and applied. The first such court case that I came across was the case of Welsh V. United States which brought into question what types of beliefs can be used to obtain conscientious objector status when being selected to go to war. In this case the prosecutor was convicted of refusing to accept induction into the armed forces; he did claim conscientious objector status but did not base this decision off religion. He did not claim to believe in a deity that would morally keep him from fighting in a war, he instead asserted his own personal moral opposition to any conflict in which people are being killed. He alleged that the sincerity of his belief should qualify him for exemption from military duty under the Universal Military Training and Service Act. The Act allowed only those people whose opposition to the war was based on religious beliefs to be declared conscientious objectors. However in a 5-3 decision the court allowed Welsh to be declared a conscientious objector even though his opposition was not based on religious convictions. The implication this case has on Human Resources Management is that HR personnel must be aware of the broad scope of beliefs that will be protected under Title 7. Whereas before this case only majorly defined religions such as Judaism and Catholicism would be protected you now see religions such as scientology seeking protection under the law. Another relevant case would be Seshadri v. Kasraian which established that an employee bringing a religious discrimination claim does not need to belong to an established church. Another case that has shaped this law and impacted human resource management was Campos v. City of Blue Springs. In April 1996 Campos was hired as a crisis counselor for the Blue Springs Police Department’s Youth Outreach Program (YOU). At the time she did not have the advanced degree as required by the written job description, but her supervisor told her that she would have until February 1997 to obtain her degree and guarantee her position. She was also guaranteed via verbal contract that she would be paid an extra $10,000 per year for support group work, she would be a team leader within three months, and she would be an assistant director within six months of starting her full-time employment. She began working in October 1996, enjoying her job until she disclosed to her supervisor that she observes tenets of Native American Spirituality, not Christianity. Campos claimed that immediately her supervisor’s behavior towards her changed; she was unfriendly and critical, excluded her from employee meetings, and told her that she may not have been a good fit for the job. After failing to show up to work due to attending a mandatory meeting to obtain her dissertation, which was required by her employer, Campos received so much scrutiny from her supervisor that she resigned. After her resignation, Campos filed suit against the City, alleging that she suffered from employment discrimination based upon her religion, sex, and national origin. The charges of sex and national origin discrimination were eliminated, and the case was submitted to the jury on the theory that Campos was constructively discharged because of her religion. On April 13, 2001, the jury awarded Campos $79,200 for back pay and compensatory damages. The district court denied the City’s Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law, or in the Alternative, for a New Trial, and awarded Campos’s attorneys 90,556. 20 in fees and $11,825. 41 in expenses. This case has implications on Human Resources Management today because it establishes that employment decisions cannot be made based on whether or not an employee or potential employee agrees or disagrees with the employers religious views. One relevant business that comes to mind is Chik Fil A and their openly Christian beliefs. Even though they include Christian values in the core content of their mission statement and business plan they know that they cannot make any employment decisions based on religious affiliation. In Eatman V.  United Parcel Service in 2002 the company’s policy of requiring its drivers that had unconventional hairstyles to wear hats was called into question. The plaintiff was required by the company to wear a hat while on the clock because his hairstyle of choice was dreadlocks, a hairstyle where sections of hair are hand-rolled together in tight, interwoven spirals. After putting â€Å"a lot of thought† into the decision, Eatman, who is black, began wearing locks in February 1995 as â€Å"an outward expression of an internal commitment to his Protestant faith as well as his Nubian belief system. At this same time he also became enlightened about locked hair and its connection to African identity and heritage. The position that his supervisor at UPS took on his hair was that the company uses common sense to determine which hairstyles are not businesslike; he finds ponytails, Mohawks, green hair, â€Å"carved† shapes, and locked hair—short or long—unacceptable. And there were currently 19 other drivers at this particular UPS that were required to wear hats to cover their unconventional hairstyles, including others that had dreadlocks. Even though Eatman claimed that the policy was discriminatory the jury did not rule in his favor. It was ruled that Eatman’s hairstyle was dictated by a personal choice. Nowhere in his religious texts did it dictate in any way that followers of the faith must wear their hair uncovered in dreadlocks. The implications of this case are actually pro employer and pro Human Resource Manager. It shows that not every claim that an employee makes based off of religious need has to be immediately catered to. There are cases where the request can be frivolous and off topic of religion, in which case the employer does not need to go out of their way to make accommodations. Another very interesting court case that I came across was EEOC v. Union Independiete De La Autoridad De Acueductos y Alcantarillados De Puerto Rico. I found this case to be very interesting because it stipulates that employees cannot pick and choose which parts of their religion they wish to follow and which ones they do not. In this case the issue was whether or not a Seventh – day Adventist’s objection to union membership was the product of a sincerely held belief. Although the religious foundation of the Seventh – day Adventist faith’s opposition to union membership has long been recognized, there was evidence that this employee often acted in a manner inconsistent with his professed religious beliefs. He was divorced, took an oath before a notary upon becoming a public employee, worked five days a week (instead of the six days required by his faith), and there was some evidence that the alleged conflict between his beliefs and union membership was a moving target. This case seemed important because is forces the employee to prove that religion is vital part of their life. It keeps them from claiming that they are Christian for the sole purpose of being off on Christmas, or from claiming that they are Catholic only to be off on Easter. It not only keeps people from faking being religious but it also helps to ensure the sanctity of those who actually are as religious as they claim to be. And the final court case that I found addresses sincerely held beliefs that have not always been there but can conceivably come about. In the case of E. E. O. C. v. Ilona of Hungary, Inc. an employee sincerely believed that she should refrain from working on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur even though she had not frequently celebrated Jewish holidays in the past. Her rise in faith was brought on by recent family events such as the passing of her mother-in-law and father, the birth of her son, and her husband’s rising faith. The court decided that these were significant enough to have caused a change in lifestyle and that she did believably have a real change of faith. After reviewing all of the cases mentioned above, along with numerous others, I have found that the topic of religion isn’t nearly as â€Å"black and white† as most would assume. There are many grey areas: What constitutes religion, how do you know if someone legitimately believes in their religion, and what aspects of someone’s lifestyle are pertinent to their claimed religion are just a few examples of where courts have to make a decision that will affect the way this topic is viewed for years to come. With the world become more and more diversified every day the topic of religion and all others under title 7 will continue to be tested and pushed to their limits. It is the job of the Human Resources Management team to be on high alert of potential discrimination cases and have all employees properly trained on these matters to ensure it does not happen at their company.

Better to Die for Your Beliefs or Lie to Save Your Life Essay

I believe that it is better to die for what you believe rather than to lie to save your own life. Many people have died for their beliefs. There are martyrs from all over the world, and they were not afraid to stand up for what they believed in, even if it meant losing their lives. Those people have gone down in history, and are respected by many. Joan of Arc was burned at the stake at the age of 19 for believing that her visions were from God. The English leaders tried to force her to deny that God had spoken to her, but she refused. She went down in history as a great martyr and she is still today and perfect example of standing up for what you believe in. Another great martyr was St. Stephen, who was accused of blasphemy against Moses and God. St. Stephen was stoned to death by an angry mob, and he claimed to have seen God the Father and God the Son right before he died. He was considered the first Christian martyr. As well as there has been martyrs in the world, there has also been people that lied to save their life. In the Bible, Peter was recognized as one of Jesus’ followers, and was questioned in the public. As the crowd became more suspicious, Peter denied Jesus three times. He was too worried about his own life that he took the easy way out. After he denied him, he realized what he had done and the guilt almost destroyed him. Later in his life he returned and admitted to their accusations, and was crucified upside-down. In the story The Crucible, many teenage girls are accused of witchcraft, which in Puritan society the punishment is death. To save their own lives, they take the spotlight off themselves and begin to blame other women in their society for their own selfish gain. They were cowards and lived in lies, making innocent people suffer. All over the world there are people being persecuted for their own personal beliefs. The people â€Å"in charge† decide what they want everyone else to believe, and they enforce it with harsh punishments or even death. Martyrdom is not necessarily dying for spiritual beliefs; it is dying for anything you believe in. People everywhere are mistreated because of their religious beliefs, their political preference, or the color of their skin. Over time there have been leaders who have tried to make their â€Å"perfect race,† but what would this world be without diversity? No one should be able to decide what is the correct belief or the right way to live life. Everyone is different. But unfortunately there are leaders and people who believe they have the right to decide these things, so it is very important to have a good understand of what your personal beliefs are. It is very important to be willing to stand up for what you personally believe in, even if it may cost you something as great as your own life.

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions Cathy Perry Psy 300 September 27, 2010 Tara Terry Ph. D. Select a famous individual from the 20th or 21st centuries: Maya Angelou (born as Marguerite Ann Johnson). Conduct research concerning the background of your selected individual to determine what forces have impacted his or her life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology. 1. Discuss the influences of heredity and environment (including family and social support) on your individual’s psychological development. Be sure to describe specific areas of psychological development (moral, emotional, etc. . (300-500 words). Maya Angelou was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1928. At the age of three, she and her brother, Bailey, moved to Stamps, Arkansas to live with their paternal grandmother when their parents divorced. Throughout her childhood she struggled with feelings of displacement due to her early separation from her parents (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). She developed self-esteem problems because of her large frame and nappy hair and was not considered pretty; also, racism’s messages of southern black females being inferior and that they lacked control of their future. The grandmother raised them in a strict sheltered environment around church, school, and her store. The fear of being terrorized by the Ku Klux Klan was always upon Maya. After five years of minimal contact with either parent, the father returned and took them to their mother in St. Louis. This household consisted of their mother, maternal grandmother, and two uncles, but they rarely saw their mother. Maya disliked the city’s loud noises and constant commotions, so she escaped through reading. Moving back to St. Louis was unsettling to both children. Maya began having nightmares and Bailey began to stutter (Pettit, 1996). Later that year, their mother moved them in with her and her boyfriend, Mr. Freeman. One night, while their mother was working, Mr. Freeman made Bailey leave the house and he raped Maya; she was only eight years old. He threatened Maya that if she told anyone he would kill Bailey. Maya’s mother thought she was ill but discovered the blood stained underwear when changing sheets. At the hospital Bailey convinced her to tell who had done this. Mr. Freeman was arrested and Maya testified at the trial. He was released early before finishing out his sentence and was later found beaten to death. Maya stopped speaking to everyone except Bailey, and kept silent for five years. She felt guilty that Mr. Freeman’s death was her fault and she feared if she spoke about anyone else, that they would die too. The children were sent back to Stamps which Maya felt was her fault since the family could not tolerate her silence and slow recovery. One male relative even physically punished her for not speaking. The grandmother in Stamps had a friend of hers, Bertha Flowers, speak to Maya. Ms. Flowers was instrumental in bringing Maya back from the darkness. She slowly helped Maya transform from the mute with no self-worth to a speaking young woman with self-esteem and academic success (Gillespie, Johnson-Butler, & Long,  2008). After graduating the eighth grade, Maya and Bailey were sent to live with their mother in California. That summer Maya went to visit her father, but left early when his girlfriend began to fight her. Maya had been stabbed and stayed with her father’s friends. When she returned to her mother, she got a job instead of going back to school. After six months of working, she went back to school, but found that other girls her age were more developed physically and she felt unfeminine. To prove she was normal she decided to have sex, but didn’t prove anything; except she became pregnant. She graduated high school and a month later gave birth to her son Clyde. 2. Select two different theories of personality and apply them to your selected figure, and answer the following question: How does each theory explain the individual's unique patterns or traits? (500-700 words). The Psychodynamic theory can be applied to Maya Angelou in several areas. One of these areas was the continuous moves from parents to grandparents throughout her childhood. The consistency she had as a child was her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Maya and her brother had love, stability and the meaning of family while they lived with her. According to Kowalski and Westen, (2009), Disrupted attachments are associated with severe personality disturbances, depression, antisocial behavior and adjustment problems†¦, and childhood experiences such as parental neglect or even parental divorce cause more vulnerability to adult nsecurities. Psychodynamic theorists state that depressive behaviors have various causes, one of which would be a parental attachment history influencing problems and fears of rejection and or abandonment. Both Maya and her brother had problems dealing with the thoughts of abandonment. Maya thought it was better to think of them being dead than to imagine having parents that did not want their children (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). Maya w as a rape victim at a very early age that traumatized her into speechlessness for five years. The fact that she was only eight years old is enough reason for her to have trust issues. According to Mongeau-Marshall, (1994) Maya trusted Mr. Freeman and felt him to be a father figure. After his death, she stopped talking to everyone but her brother, which in a psychodynamic theory viewpoint the psychological thought processes caused her to think that she caused his death. If she spoke about anyone ever again, the same tragic thing would happen. She could not endure the thought of being responsible for that. According to Kowalski ; Westen, (2009), â€Å"Compromise formations is a single behavior or a complex pattern of thought and action, typically reflects compromises among multiple and often conflicting forces† (p. 421). Maya did not talk for five years, but she did talk to her brother and would talk to herself when reading. When Bailey convinced her to tell him who raped her, he had also convinced her that no one could harm him so it would be okay to tell him. Maya compromised her thoughts by the love of her brother. She needed his companionship and acceptance at this crucial time in her life. She did not want to speak, but found it was necessary to speak to Bailey. In another time of her life, during high school, she believed she was not woman enough because her body was not as sexually developed as her peers. She decided to have sex to prove that she was â€Å"woman enough† so she rationalized. Rationalization, according to Kowalski ; Westen, is a defense when a person tries to explain away actions in a seemingly logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings, especially guilt or shame (p. 26). Maya was ashamed of the fact that she was not as developed as her female classmates and wanted the acceptance that she desired, not just from others, but from herself. The Cognitive-Social theory accentuates the tasks of a person’s thought processes and their social learning in behavior and personality. Maya’s grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas had the most positive role in her life; givin g her love, stability, encouragement, and education. She was able to learn from this grandmother that things do exist in life. She was able to draw personal strength, even at a young age, from the things she learned and observed from this grandmother. Her behavior-outcome expectancies were her beliefs that this way of life would continue if she thought her parents were dead. As long as they were dead, living in Stamps would continue and family turmoil would be no more. Maya’s competences were lacking in self-esteem and admiration of who she was and what she was. She dreamed of being a white blue-eyed girl with long blonde hair having all the beautiful clothes and expensive things that white people had. She believed that one day she would wake up from her â€Å"blackness† and be this person (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). Self-regulation was apparently nonexistent when she was a young girl, but as she became a young woman, she wasn’t just the first Black woman to be a cable car conductor, she was the first Black person to be cable car conductor in San Francisco. She accomplished this by harrying the Negro support organizations to help her get the job, and waiting for hours to be interviewed at the cable car offices (Pettit, 1996). 3. Explain which theoretical approach best explains the individual's behaviors and achievements. Make sure to explain why this is true. (100-200 words). The Psychodynamic theory is probably the best approach that relates to Maya Angelou. Her entire childhood is riddled with abandonment, child abuse, ridicule, and depression. Ms. Angelou had troubled relationships throughout her life, including three failed marriages. She only bore one child, whom she felt she abandoned when she went to Europe on the tour with Porgy and Bess (Gillespie, Johnson-Butler, & Long, 2008). This theoretical approach deals with Ms. Angelou’s horrendous childhood, adolescent, and young adult life. She dabbled in drugs, prostitution, and rich men. Through her life journeys, however, she has become one of the most prominent Black female poet, author, actress, humanist, and speaker that has walked upon this earth. She was friends with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , Malcolm X, W. E. B. Dubois, among many other famous people. Maya Angelou developed a tough outer character from all the hardships she endured, but she shares with the public in order for them to learn from her past and to think about their future. References Gillespie, M. A. , Johnson-Butler, R. , & Long, R. A. (2008). Maya Angelou: A glorious celebration. New York, New York: Doubleday. Kowalski, R. , & Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Mongeau-Marshall, C. (1994). The masks of Maya Angelou: Discovered, discarded, and designed. Retrieved from ProQuest: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. Pettit, J. (1996). Maya Angelou: Journey of the heart. New York, New York: Lodestar Books.